University of Iowa News Release March 14, 2005
Brain Imaging Studies Investigate Pain Reduction By Hypnosis Although hypnosis has been shown to reduce pain perception, it is not clear how the technique works. Identifying a sound, scientific explanation for hypnosis’ effect might increase acceptance and use of this safe pain-reduction option in clinical settings.
Researchers at the University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and the Technical University of Aachen, Germany, used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to find out if hypnosis alters brain activity in a way that might explain pain reduction. The results are reported in the November-December 2004 issue of
Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. The researchers found that volunteers under hypnosis experienced significant pain reduction in response to painful heat. They also had a distinctly different pattern of brain activity compared to when they were not hypnotized and experienced the painful heat. The changes in brain activity suggest that hypnosis somehow blocks the pain signal from getting to the parts of the brain that perceive pain.
“The major finding from our study, which used fMRI for the first time to investigate brain activity under hypnosis for pain suppression, is that we see reduced activity in areas of the pain network and increased activity in other areas of the brain under hypnosis,” said Sebastian Schulz-Stubner, M.D., Ph.D., UI assistant professor (clinical) of anesthesia and first author of the study.”The increased activity might be specific for hypnosis or might be non-specific, but it definitely does something to reduce the pain signal input into the cortical structure.”
The pain network functions like a relay system with an input pain signal from a peripheral nerve going to the spinal cord where the information is processed and passed on to the brain stem. From there the signal goes to the mid-brain region and finally into the cortical brain region that deals with conscious perception of external stimuli like pain.
Processing of the pain signal through the lower parts of the pain network looked the same in the brain images for both hypnotized and non-hypnotized trials, but activity in the top level of the network, which would be responsible for”feeling” the pain, was reduced under hypnosis.
Initially, 12 volunteers at the Technical University of Aachen had a heating device placed on their skin to determine the temperature that each volunteer considered painful (8 out of 10 on a 0 to 10 pain scale). The volunteers were then split into two groups. One group was hypnotized, placed in the fMRI machine and their brain activity scanned while the painful thermal stimuli was applied. Then the hypnotic state was broken and a second fMRI scan was performed without hypnosis while the same painful heat was again applied to the volunteer’s skin. The second group underwent their first fMRI scan without hypnosis followed by a second scan under hypnosis.
Hypnosis was successful in reducing pain perception for all 12 participants. Hypnotized volunteers reported either no pain or significantly reduced pain (less than 3 on the 0-10 pain scale) in response to the painful heat.
Under hypnosis, fMRI showed that brain activity was reduced in areas of the pain network, including the primary sensory cortex, which is responsible for pain perception.
The imaging studies also showed increased activation in two other brain structures — the left anterior cingulate cortex and the basal ganglia. The researchers speculate that increased activity in these two regions may be part of an inhibition pathway that blocks the pain signal from reaching the higher cortical structures responsible for pain perception. However, Schulz-Stubner noted that more detailed fMRI images are needed to definitively identify the exact areas involved in hypnosis-induced pain reduction, and he hoped that the newer generation of fMRI machines would be capable of providing more answers.
“Imaging studies like this one improve our understanding of what might be going on and help researchers ask even more specific questions aimed at identifying the underlying mechanism,” Schulz-Stubner said.”It is one piece of the puzzle that moves us a little closer to a final answer for how hypnosis really works.
“More practically, for clinical use, it helps to dispel prejudice about hypnosis as a technique to manage pain because we can show an objective, measurable change in brain activity linked to a reduced perception of pain,” he added.
In addition to Schulz-Stubner, the research team included Timo Krings, M.D., Ingo Meister, M.D., Stefen Rex, M.D., Armin Thron, M.D., Ph.D. and Rolf Rossaint, M.D., Ph.D., from the Technical University of Aachen, Germany.
University of Iowa Health Care describes the partnership between the UI Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and UI Hospitals and Clinics and the patient care, medical education and research programs and services they provide. Visit UI Health Care online at
www.uihealthcare.com.
STORY SOURCE: University of Iowa Health Science Relations, 5135 Westlawn, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1178
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Regression hypnosis is one of the most fascinating applications because it is the gateway to profound clarity of prior times in our current lives, and can also productively detail times events of past lives, depending on the values of the client. The primary clinical benefit of regression hypnosis is to assist individuals to go back in time, to resolve the point of origin of the problem.
For example, a client presented with unrelenting leg pain which did not respond to medical treatment. During a regression session, he journeyed to a prior life where he suffered traumatic injury requiring amputation of the leg. The reason he likely carried the pain today was that he never learned the lesson the event was intended to teach him in the first place.
During a regression session it is helpful to explore the events of that day, what surrounded the incident emotionally, to help the client understand what transpired. Then, with a better sense of the past, I helped the client encapsulate the past moment from his current life. It can be as simple as cutting an imaginary cord, snapping the client forward into a life free of the burden of the past.
Throughout our current and past lives we can get stuck in emotional potholes. Hypnosis is an extremely productive tool enabling an individual to learn what needs releasing or repairing. Clients suffering for decades can walk out of the office after one regression session feeling completely free. A recent example of the mainstreaming of hypnosis came in May of 2008. Oprah Winfrey did a whole program on regression hypnosis with renowned hypnotist Brian Weiss, M.D.
For those not comfortable with the concept of regression hypnosis it is helpful to know that there are many techniques which offer similar freedom from the unproductive past that can be accomplished in the here and now.
By: Paul Gustafson RN CH
Tania Lapointe is the happy mother of three young children. But when she recalls giving birth to her two boys, 5-year-old Guille and 2-year-old Philip, she is not exactly overcome by a warm, maternal glow of remembrance.
“I was in extreme pain — the kind of pain where I was almost convulsing, screaming ‘give me drugs, give me drugs,'” Lapointe said. For her baby Chole, born one month ago, Lapointe was determined it was going to be different, and it was. During labor, without any medication at all, she was calm, quiet, and peaceful, surrounded by her husband, her mid-wife and Maureen Saba, the woman who taught her how to perform self-hypnosis.
Saba, a hypno-birthing practitioner, has taught Lapointe and dozens of other women how to be self-hypnotized during birthing. The women use positive images and relaxation exercises to ease the pain of childbirth, and for many, the results have been outstanding, advocates say.
Summoning Serenity During Labor
“They are so focused, they are in such control. It’s incredible,” Saba said. Though self-hypnosis is not a new idea, it is a rising trend in natural childbirth. Many people think a hypnotist as someone waving a pocket watch in front of a person’s eyes to make them do things they would not normally do. But when it comes to clinical applications, hypnosis is nothing like what you may have seen on stage, or in movies.
Women are encouraged to think of birth pains as surges or pressure rather than “contractions.” They are asked to picture themselves in a serene location, such as the beach. The hypno-birthing practitioner encourages them to feel waves of relaxation moving through their body.
Some 1,000 instructors are certified through the HypnoBirthing Institute, based in Epsom, N.H. — and the demand for the instructors certainly exists. Lapointe cannot imagine giving birth without one.
“This was like heaven compared to the other two,” Lapointe said. Pregnant mothers or patients who choose to learn self-hypnosis as a way to ease pain during pregnancy or surgical procedures use a combination of techniques to achieve a state of hypnosis. “Some of the basics are learning how to breathe properly how to let the muscles completely relax,” Saba said. “It really must be practiced at home, self-hypnosis gets better with practice,” she said.
Saba has her students attend five classes of self-hypnosis instruction. When they’re done with the classes, they continue to practice at home using tapes and the techniques they learned in class.
Breezing Through Kidney Operation
Hypnosis is not just for the labor room. Robert Scott used hypnosis when he had his second kidney removed at Boston’s Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
His doctor, Elivira Lang, says hypnosis reduces the need for pain medication, which often leaves the patient confused and weakened. It worked for Scott, who said that with just a tiny bit of medication and hypnosis, his second kidney removal was a breeze compared to the last.
“This one I’m much more alert afterwards, much more awake,” Scott said. His experience is not unusual. Dr. Lang has published the results of a study with 241 patients who have undergone hypnosis while having radiological procedures. “We found three things: the procedures are more comfortable, safer and faster,” Lang said. ” I think it’s just a state of focused concentration like you’re watching TV, you’re reading a book.” Doctors in other disciplines also believe in the power of focused concentration.
Taking Sting Out of Burns
Toronto dentist Dr. Victor Rausch uses hypnosis in his practice, and when had his own molar extracted by a colleague, he hypnotized himself, and used no anesthesia. Clinicians have also used hypnosis to help patients through one of the most painful procedures in all of medicine — removing the bandages from a burn victim.
David Patterson, a professor of rehabilitation medicine at the University of Washington, used hypnosis to help electrical technician Ladd Richter, who suffered burns over 20 percent of his body after an electrical explosion. The process helped Richter through the twice-a-day ordeal of treating his wounds, and he felt energized when the hypnosis was done.
“I feel like a million bucks,” Richter said. “When you get up, you feel like you just slept. Like you had a good power nap. Full of energy.” And whether it’s a devastating experience like burns, or a joyous experience like giving birth, the benefits of hypnosis continue into recovery. “The huge difference was my recovery,” Lapointe said. “I was alert after the birth … and this time I was on my feet, right after the birth I was on my feet.”
Courtesy of ABC News
Moncks Corner, South Carolina (CNN) — Bryan Ganey slowly climbed out of his parents’ car. Michael and Martha Ganey had driven their son to work because he wasn’t feeling well — for the past couple of days, simple tasks had left him short of breath and exhausted.
At 577 pounds, being out of shape was normal for Bryan, so he ignored it. But as he headed toward the door of his office on June 20, 2010, the ground suddenly shifted.
The Ganeys were pulling away when Martha’s cell phone rang. All she heard on the other end was gasping.
The couple stopped the car and sprinted back to the building, where they found their son lying in the bushes, struggling to breathe. The ride to the hospital took only five minutes, but to Martha, it seemed like hours. Bryan didn’t care how long it took — he knew he was going to die.
“I was absolutely convinced that I was having a heart attack. I had been told by doctors before that at my size, if I ever had heart problems, they weren’t going to be able to operate on me. So there was a very good chance that this was the end — that I would get there and there wouldn’t be anything they could do,” he said.
Out of control
For years, Bryan worked the night shift at a Verizon call center in Charleston, South Carolina, 20 miles from his home in Moncks Corner. He skipped breakfast, ate fast food for lunch and dinner, then picked up a pizza or some convenience store snacks on his way home. He often drank more than a gallon of soda a day. By the age of 37, he had a body mass index around 87. A BMI over 30 is considered obese.
“He was very aware that he had a problem,” Martha said. “It was out of control.” June 20 was possibly the best thing that could have happened to Bryan, although it certainly didn’t seem like it at the time. His “heart attack” was actually a pulmonary embolism, or a blood clot that had traveled to his lungs, blocking his oxygen flow. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “sudden death is the first symptom” in about a quarter of patients who have a pulmonary embolism.
For six days, Bryan lay in a hospital bed, covered in bruises caused by the blood thinners being pumped into his body. The blood thinners slowly cleared the blockage in his lungs, giving him plenty of time to think.
“At first, I felt like a victim, like somebody or something had done this to me,” Bryan said in a YouTube video about his experience. “But then reality set in and the pain turned to anger. My condition was unacceptable.”
Several doctors tried to broach the subject of weight-loss surgery while he was in the hospital, but Bryan refused. Both he and his mother had friends who had gone through the surgery and were suffering from complications. If I can make it out of here alive, he thought, I’m not coming back.
Small steps
Today, Bryan, 39, tells his story from the driver’s seat of a car that he wouldn’t have fit in two years ago . He shops for clothes at department stores, buys one seat on an airplane instead of two and sleeps through the night.
“The absolute best thing about all the weight that I’ve lost is just waking up every day and realizing that I don’t weigh 577 pounds anymore,” he said with a laugh. “The biggest rewards are the smallest ones.”
Small steps are what began Bryan’s weight loss journey. After leaving the hospital, he began to move — at first pushing a shopping cart around the grocery store like a toddler learning to walk. Then he ventured to the mailbox at the end of his driveway. Soon, he was conquering several miles at a time.
He lost 130 pounds in the first six months, then dropped another 140 pounds over the course of the next year. At 5-foot-8, Bryan now weighs just under 300 pounds.
“It turns out it really is true,” Bryan wrote in his iReport submission. “If you use more energy than you take in, you will lose weight.”
Bryan switched to a day shift at work to conquer his bad eating habits. He’s very particular about what he puts in his mouth, refusing to stray from self-prepared lean meats, vegetables and fruits. He eats five to six meals a day, every two to three hours. He measures his portions so that his total calorie count for the day hits 2,500.
“Food is everywhere,” he said, reflecting on his struggles to keep on track at work or in social settings. “I just can’t eat it anymore. I can’t do it ever again. I don’t have the ability to have just a little bit. They think I must be miserable because I … don’t allow myself to have certain things. [But] the benefits I have gained, the prize is worth the struggle.”
After dropping his first 70 pounds, Bryan decided to hire a personal trainer. This wasn’t the first time he had tried to lose weight by exercising, and in the past he had burned himself out pushing too hard, too fast. His trainer, Martha Peake, started slowly. At first, all they did was sit down and stand up. For the 500-pound Bryan, that was enough.
Last year, Bryan limped across the finish line of the 10K race he entered. This year, he plans to run the whole race. He’s still losing six to seven pounds a month and hopes to eventually get down to 200 pounds.
Simple prayers
Every morning, Martha wakes up and asks God to give Bryan one more day. She understands the obstacles placed before her son — most addicts can give up their abusive substance, but he can’t just give up food.
“I guess there’s always that little shadow of a doubt,” Martha said. “But I know also that he’s a very strong person … if it can be done, he can do it.” When Bryan returned to the doctor, the change in his blood work was almost unbelievable. He’s off many of the medications he was on before; his blood pressure medication has been cut four times over the last two years. His LDL cholesterol, the bad kind, is 100 — an optimal number.
Most importantly, at 577 pounds, Bryan was prediabetic. Now, he’s looking forward to a bright, diabetes-free future. “I think what gets lost in the advertisements and everything that’s written about weight loss is that if people would keep it simple, that everyone has that power in them. You can change your life.”
By: Ellen Crean